With the scientific revolution, ranging from the early seventeenth century to about half of the eighteenth century, the whole course of science is changed with the spread of a new concept: the experiment has a key role and mathematics is the language which must be formulated scientific laws. Galileo Galilei was an early champion. He became interested in the long math, physics, astronomy, and in all these areas, important discoveries made. Along with Galileo, there were many prominent figures: Isaac Newton, William Harvey, Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Cavalieri. In Italy he gave a great contribution, especially in physics, Evangelista Torricelli. After the publication of his first work on the motion of bodies, Galileo became secretary and aide to the year in which he died (1642), succeeded by then as professor of mathematics and natural philosophy.
Torricelli in 1643, studying the movement of liquids in a piping system, made his first instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. The barometer produces the first empty the history of science, demonstrating the existence in nature and that air has weight.
He filled a glass tube of mercury and overturned in an open dish which, in turn, contained more mercury. Mercury torch to settle down to a height of 760 mm, so he deduced that the air above the mercury tank has a pressure equal to that exerted by a column of mercury 760mm high. He found out, graduating glass of the torch properly, which can measure changes in pressure, which vary depending on altitude and atmospheric conditions. The invention of the barometer
paved the way for the development of meteorology. The use of this tool is essential for accurate weather forecasts possible to identify the size, shape and movement of continental air masses, with simultaneous observations in barometric observation points distinct. Moreover, Torr (or tor), one of the measures used by physicists to the values \u200b\u200bof atmospheric density and barometric pressure in conditions close to vacuum, he took the name.
With the demonstration of the existence and nature of the void in the weight of air is also put an end to the age-old debate on the theory conceived by Aristotle Horror vacui (fear of emptiness) that "the nature and shuns the empty then fills it constantly. " Finally
have been devoted to Evangelista Torricelli Torricelli of the lunar crater 22 km in diameter, el'asteroide 7437 Torricelli.
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